This is also essential in the manufacture of parenteral pharmaceuticals. Examples of such instruments include scalpels, hypodermic needles, and artificial pacemakers. In general, surgical instruments and medications that enter an already aseptic part of the body (such as the bloodstream, or penetrating the skin) must be sterile. Apparatus to sterilize surgical instruments (1914–1918) Medicine and surgery Joseph Lister, a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. Other methods of sterilizing foods include food irradiation and high pressure ( pascalization). Canning of foods is an extension of the same principle and has helped to reduce food borne illness ("food poisoning"). One of the first steps toward modernized sterilization was made by Nicolas Appert, who discovered that application of heat over a suitable period slowed the decay of foods and various liquids, preserving them for safe consumption for a longer time than was typical. After sterilization, an object is referred to as being sterile or aseptic. Sterilization is distinct from disinfection, sanitization, and pasteurization, in that those methods reduce rather than eliminate all forms of life and biological agents present. Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration. Sterilization (or sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents such as prions present in or on a specific surface, object, or fluid. For other uses, see Sterilization (disambiguation).
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